Research 02/November 2025 · Tests Thesis 004

The Exception Load Survey

How much of a role is now the part that does not fit the rule.

Rachel Okafor. 3,100 workers · 9 sectors. Tests Thesis 004, Every Organization Is Becoming a Human-Machine System.

Research 02November 2025Tests Thesis 004

What we found

A time-use survey measuring the share of working hours spent on exceptions to a defined process. In sectors with high automation coverage, exceptions now account for the majority of skilled time and almost none of the pay structure.

The full report, method and data tables are being prepared for publication. This page holds the abstract and the thesis the study tests.

In order of confidence

  1. Findings are published when the review standard is met.

    Every study names the thesis it supports or challenges, the sample, and what it does not establish before its findings are released.

How the study was run

Method and instrument are published with the full report.

Limitations
  • Limitations are published alongside findings, not after them.